Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function since the thyroid may encounter changes to hormones and size during pregnancy. The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum is complex but knowledge regarding the interaction between the thyroids and pregnancy/the postpartum period is advancing at a rapid pace.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called carcinoid tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung and the rest of the body.

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis and prolonged survival is achieved only by resection with macroscopic tumor clearance. There is a strong rationale for a neoadjuvant approach, since a relevant percentage of pancreatic cancer patients present with non-metastatic but locally advanced disease and microscopic incomplete resections are common. The objective of the present analysis was to systematically review studies concerning the effects of neoadjuvant therapy on tumor response, toxicity, resection, and survival percentages in pancreatic cancer.

Hyperparathyroidism is a common condition that affects 0.3% of the general population. Primary and tertiary care specialists can encounter patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and prompt recognition and treatment can greatly reduce morbidity and mortality from this disease. In this paper we will review the basic physiology of calcium homeostasis and then consider genetic associations as well as common etiologies and presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism. We will consider emerging trends in detection and measurement of parathyroid hormone as well as available imaging modalities for the parathyroid glands. Surgical indications and approach will be reviewed as well as medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism with bisphosphonates and calcimimetics.

Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation. This research was conducted under the research grant RSF “Autoimmune endocrinopathies multiple organ failure that are genomic, postgenomic and metabolic markers. Genetic risk prediction, monitoring, early predictors, personalized correction and rehabilitation.” Project number is 17-75-30035.

physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones. Complications of the brain, kidney, liver, and microvasculature were found to be elevated in diabetic patients who had elevated ketones compared to those diabetics with normal ketone levels.

Ectopic thyroid is a rare embryological aberration which can occur in any moment of the migration of the thyroid resulting in lingual (at tongue base), sublingual (below the tongue), prelaryngeal (in front of the larynx), and substernal (in the mediastinum) ectopy. It is commonly found in the base of the tongue, just behind the foramen cecum, and is subject to the same diseases as the thyroid gland itself. The thyroid gland located at the base of the tongue is called lingual thyroid. Lingual thyroid is the most frequent ectopic location of the thyroid gland, although its prevalance varies between 1:100000 and 1:300000, it occurs more frequently in females, with a female to male ratio of 4:1. The true insidence is probably underestimated due to asymptomatic lingual tyhroids. Some Authors reported having found ectopic lingual tissue in % 10 of 200 consecutive necropsies. In the literature, approximately 400 cases of symtomatic patients have been reported

Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of education and exercise on the quality of life among adults with chronic renal disease (CRD) on hemodialysis post-intervention (4 and 8 weeks). Methods: An evaluative true intervention approach was used. An ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. A random sample of 150 patients (75 in intervention and 75 in control group) with CRD receiving dialysis was selected based on the inclusion criteria. The intervention group received interactive education and supervised exercises. RAND health-related kidney disease QOL (KDQOL) questionnaire was used. Results: Mean scores for the Kidney Disease and general QOL sub-scales among the intervention group were higher and statistically significant (p<0.01) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Education and exercise was shown to have a positive effect on the physical and mental health among the adults.

The Transferrin is an iron ion transport protein with a biological function that is important to avoid toxic effects due to high intra and extracellular iron ion concentrations [1]. The cellular protective function attributed to transferrin, especially to the germ and support cells (Sertoli cells), is due to its possible antioxidative function exerted together with another protein linked to iron metabolism, ferritin [2]. Seminal transferrin (ST) is an isoform of plasma transferrin, abundant in seminal fluid, secretory product of Sertoli cells (80%)p[3].

From the UKPDS it was concluded that metformin decreased cardiac events. However, this only occurred in a small group of obese subjects while in a larger group failing sulfonylurea therapy the addition of metformin resulted in an increase in cardiac events [1]. Indeed, a meta-analysis of metformin studies has shown that overall metformin does not decrease cardiac events. However, if in this meta-analysis the group utilizing metformin and sulfonylurea combinations were removed from the analysis then there was a significant decrease in cardiac events with metformin monotherap

Primary congenital hypothyroidism is a condition that affects the bodys thyroid gland, a small organ in the lower neck. People with CH are unable to produce enough thyroid hormone, a chemical that is essential for healthy growth and development.

Pediatric endocrinology is a medical subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, diabetes and many more. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a rare form of diabetes characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life.Type 2 diabetes mellitus is emerging as a new clinical problem within pediatric practice.